One of the first things I like to know when ascertaining the seriousness of a child’s condition is whether the child is playing, smiling eating or drinking. If a complaint is brought up regularly, interferes with play or a child really cries, parents should consult a physician.

High Fever

New parents might find the recommendations for when to seek treatment for a fever daunting, but it gets easier with time.

For infants 3 months and younger, any fever is serious and parents should see a physician’s help immediately.

For children older than 3 months, a high fever combined with symptoms such as lethargy, changes in fluid and/or difficulty breathing require prompt medical attention.

Children who are 3 months or older with fevers of 102 degrees Fahrenheit or higher that don’t respond to fever-reducing medicine should see a doctor.

Fevers up to 101 can often by managed with fever-reducing medicine, fluids and rest. However, if your child also has a harsh cough – which may indicate croup – you need to consult a doctor.

Stomach Hurts

If your child has a stomachache, there are three red flags that may warn parents of a serious illness such as appendicitis:

1. Your child has a tummy ache and a fever.
2. Your child can point with one finger to where it hurts.
3. Your child has been vomiting.

Children don’t need to have all three symptoms for parents to seek help because any one of these symptoms can indicate that appendicitis might be a possible diagnosis. Parents should also not wait too long. If symptoms worsen in six to eight hours, consult a doctor.

My Head Hurts

Headaches and even migraines can occur in children as young as 3 years of age. Parents can give their child a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen, or eliminate headache pain caused by hunger, fatigue or dehydration with food, rest or fluids.

Talk to your pediatrician about his or her treatment recommendations, particularly if you’ve never treated your child’s headache before.

If headaches occur at the same time each day, parents should consult their pediatrician. Headaches can occur with the flu or fever, but we become concerned if a headache is serious enough to make a child cry, interferes with play or is so bad the child is vomiting.

Related Topics:

• Let's Learn About Fevers
• Is It Strep Throat or the Flu?
• Let's Learn About the Flu
• Probiotics for Tummy Bugs: Do They Help Your Chlid?
• My Child Poops Every Day. How Can They Be Constipated?
• Is Over-The-Counter Medication Causing Your Child's Headaches?
• When It Comes To Your Kids, It's Never Just a Virus

Commonly recommended ways to prevent constipation are to drink water, exercise, and eat fruits, vegetables and fiber-rich foods. Yet even when we use these techniques, our children still sometimes get constipated. Whether its contributing to stomach ache, delayed toilet training, bedwetting, or missed school, constipation is no laughing matter.

“But my child poops every day! My child can’t be constipated!”

Even if your child stools every day, he or she may be constipated. Think about your office desk; you may clear papers off regularly, but if you are not clearing as many papers as are building up, you will soon have a messy desk. Children may poop every day and still not be fully emptying their intestines. When constipation develops, the extra stool causes the intestines to stretch. Once this happens, the intestines may not be able to move as well, which leads to more constipation, and it becomes a vicious cycle. In infants constipation can be particularly hard to recognize because in this age group it is can be normal to have less than one stool per day.  Parents should look for a change in the frequency of stools along with firm stools when considering constipation. 

“What now?”

The good news is that constipation can often be treated with dietary changes. The key to making the treatment stick is continuing it long enough. If you stop too soon, the intestines have not had time to heal, and the constipation returns. As a physician who often sees this condition, I recommend treating constipation for as long as it has been a problem. For example, if constipation has been an ongoing problem for one month, treatment typically lasts at least one month. Treatment also depends on your child’s age.

• For infants over the age of two months, ask your pediatrician about giving small amounts of prune juice or pear juice.
• For a toddler, in addition to pear, apple, or prune juice, consider adding high fiber foods such as pears, peaches, and whole-grain cereals to his or her diet.
• School age children or teenagers can learn about which foods will help improve their symptoms and can then get involved in choosing foods that are fiber-rich and appealing to them.
• In cases that do not respond to dietary changes or are more severe, your pediatrician may recommend a medication to help treat the problem.

Contact your child’s doctor if you have any questions or concerns about your child and constipation.

How do you know when it is something else or when it could be more dangerous?

A report last week from the CDC described a cluster of infections caused by shigella, a bacteria that can cause severe diarrhea.

Shigella is common, causing an estimated 500,000 cases of diarrhea in the United States annually. But this group of infections is unique because it has been found to be resistant to the most common type of antibiotic used in adults used for shigella. Most cases have been located on the East and West coast and many have been associated with travel outside the United States.

Fortunately, there were no cases of this more severe form of shigella reported in Texas so I feel that we are pretty low risk at this point. I did want to take a second to tell you about warning signs that might alert you that diarrhea might be more than a stomach bug.

Here are some symptoms that might alert you that should trigger a call to your doctor:

1. Severe vomiting with decreased urine frequency or other signs of dehydration.
2. Fever more than 102.
3. Blood or mucous in the stool.
4. Severe belly pain.
5. Diarrhea that last more than one week.
6. Let your doctor know if your child has traveled recently.

What are Salmonella and Shigella?

Two of the most common bacterial causes of infection are salmonella and shigella. They are both fairly frequent causes of severe diarrhea in children.

They can both be transmitted by contaminated food or water but can also be spread from person to person. Salmonella is more frequently caused by transmission from contaminated food, but also can be contracted from infected reptiles. Shigella is more frequently acquired from other children and is much more contagious than salmonella.

(Just to give you an idea, stool of a child infected with shigella contains 100,000,000 bacteria per gram of stool. Ingesting just 200 bacterial cells is enough to cause infection. Because of this, outbreaks of Shigella are common in child-care settings.)

The most common symptoms with both infections are diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever. With shigella, fever is often higher and children are more likely to have blood or mucous in their stools.

For either infection, your doctor can run stool studies to confirm the diagnosis. This may not be necessary if there are known cases that the child has been exposed to.

Both infections will typically go away on their own in seven days or less. Most healthy children do not require antibiotics. I do not routinely recommend anti-diarrheal medications in children because they can prolong symptoms with some infections.

If you suspect your child has one of these infections, consult with your doctor and keep them out of day care until we are sure they will not put other children are risk.